The first English settler to successfully cultivate tobacco in Virginia, John Rolfe famously married Powhatan “princess” Pocahontas in 1614.
Virginia Historical SocietyA 19th - 100 depiction of John Rolfe and Pocahontas by James William Glass Jr.
Some year after his reaching in Jamestown , English colonist John Rolfe began to sputter with a question of the philia . He ’d descend in love with a “ heathenish ” named Pocahontas , who was hold up captive by his fellow colonists . In the terminal , Rolfe decided to wed Pocahontas — the daughter of Chief Powhatan — thus forever and a day cementing their kinship into history .
But their “ lovemaking story ” was far more complicated than it may seem . Indeed , there ’s a reason why Disney decided to focus on Pocahontas ’ saving of the settler John Smith , instead of her wedlock to John Rolfe , in the 1995 animated moviePocahontas . Even the 1998 sequelPocahontas II , which introduced John Rolfe as Pocahontas ’ erotic love involvement , took many creative liberties with the relationship between the two characters .
Virginia Historical SocietyA 19th-century depiction of John Rolfe and Pocahontas by James William Glass Jr.
So who was John Rolfe ? How did he interbreed paths with Pocahontas , and what were the true circumstances of their human relationship ? Here ’s everything you need to know about the man who became Pocahontas ’ married man .
John Rolfe’s Tumultuous Voyage To The New World
John Rolfe was born around 1585 in Norfolk , England , but much of his other life history has been lost to sentence . He reappeared in the diachronic record in May 1609 , when he and his first wife , Sarah Hacker , boarded a ship called theSea Venture . They set sail for the New World as part of a larger convoy .
Rolfe and his wife were part of a commission to revive Jamestown — the first permanent English settlement in North America — which had struggle since its foot in 1607 . But they almost did n’t survive the crossing . In July , their convoy sweep into a hurricane , which broke up the fleet , and maroon theSea Venture’s150 passengers and crew member in Bermuda .
The Mariners ’ MuseumA map of Bermuda from 1640 .
The Mariners’ MuseumA map of Bermuda from 1640.
“ For foure and twenty houres the storme in a restlesse tumult , had blowne so super , as we could not apprehend in our imaginations any possibility of greater force , yet did wee still finde it , not onely more terrible , but more constant , fury added to fierceness , and one storme urge on a 2nd more outragious then the former , ” write rider William Strachey , the future secretary of the Virginia colony .
The wreck turn out to be serendipitous for theSea Venture’spassengers . While Rolfe and the other survivors of theSea Venturethrived thanks to Bermuda ’s telling supplying of food , the ship that made it to Virginia do much bad . They struggled to hold up the so - calledStarving Time , during which some three - quarters of English settlers pass due to starvation .
That suppose , Rolfe meet a personal tragedy while marooned on the island . His married woman , Sarah , gave birth to a baby girl who they named Bermuda — but the infant sadly did not hold up long . concisely afterward , Sarah snuff it too .
Public DomainA 19th-century depiction of Jamestown colonists growing tobacco.
By the spring of 1610 , the survivors of theSea Venturewere quick to complete their ocean trip to Virginia . They ’d reconstruct two ships — thePatienceand theDeliverance — from island cedar Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree and what they could salvage from their original watercraft . After sailing for about 10 days , they reached the Chesapeake Bay and arrived at Jamestown soon afterward .
In the Virginia colony , John Rolfe soon distinguished himself through his experiments with tobacco . He ’s credited as the first settler to plant tobacco seeds in the region . Rolfe had obtain them somewhere in the Caribbean , and his friends approvingly remark that the craw “ smoked pleasant , sweete and firm . ”
Public DomainA 19th - 100 depiction of Jamestown colonists growing tobacco .
Library of CongressJohn Smith’s encounter with Pocahontas is famous, but often misunderstood.
But Rolfe is not remember only for train tobacco . He ’s mostly remembered for his union toPocahontas , a Powhatan Native American .
The Controversial “Love” Story Of John Rolfe And Pocahontas
The colonist ’ family relationship with the Powhatan people predated John Rolfe ’s arrival by a few year . In 1607 , shortly after Jamestown was establish , settler John Smith was captured by the tribe . He was promenade from town to township , and then brought before the tribe ’s leader , Chief Powhatan .
Smith after claimed that he was shake off down before the head and nearly club to death , but he was saved at the last minute by an unlikely ally : Powhatan ’s 11 - year - honest-to-god girl , Pocahontas . But in realness , Smith might not have been in peril at all — he might have obscure a tribal acceptation ritual for an writ of execution . Still , Smith ’s encounter with the Powhatan marked the start of the kindred ’s family relationship with the English settler .
Library of CongressJohn Smith ’s encounter with Pocahontas is famous , but often misunderstood .
Wellcome ImagesJohn Rolfe married Pocahontas in 1614, though his motivations for doing so are debatable.
After John Rolfe arrive in 1610 , however , the colonist ’ kinship with the Powhatans had work — especially as the settlers began demanding more supplies from the Powhatan citizenry . And in 1613 , Captain Samuel Argall hatched a plot to kidnap the chief ’s daughter to throw her for ransom .
Pocahontas , then around 17 age old , was snatch and brought to Jamestown . Some tribal unwritten traditions claim that she was raped by an unidentified colonist while in imprisonment and impregnate against her will . ( This is the story that Pocahontas allegedly distinguish her babe , Mattachanna , according to theNational Park Service . ) English sources , however , paint a more idyllic picture of Pocahontas peacefully learning English , win over to Christianity , and eventually call for on the Modern name “ Rebecca . ”
During this clip , Pocahontas also cross paths with John Rolfe . Before long , Rolfe modernise an ardent desire to splice her , which he extract in a retentive missive to the compound governor Thomas Dale in 1614 .
Public DomainA 1616 engraving of Pocahontas, who traveled through England as “Lady Rebecca Rolfe.”
“ [ It is to Pocahontas ] to whom my full-blooded and best thoughts are , and have a long clock time been so entangled,”Rolfe wrote , “ and enthralled in so intricate a labyrinth , that I was even awearied to unwind myself thereout . ”
But did Rolfe really want to espouse Pocahontas for beloved ? The National Park Service suggests that he may have been motivated to marry her so as to help oneself his tobacco crops . By marrying Pocahontas , Rolfe could get the help of autochthonal priests who oversaw the growing of baccy in the region . And Rolfe himself promised Dale in his missive that he was not driven to marry Pocahontas by “ the unbridled desire of carnal philia : but for the good of this plantation , for the honor of our land , for the glory of God . ”
Wellcome ImagesJohn Rolfe married Pocahontas in 1614 , though his motivation for doing so are debatable .
Public DomainThe so-called Indian Massacre of 1622 killed a full quarter of the colonists.
Pocahontas and John Rolfe were married on April 5 , 1614 . However , whether she or her Fatherhood truly accept to the marriage is difficult to discern . With Pocahontas as a captive , they may not have had the exemption to go down .
In any case , John Rolfe and Pocahontas ’ marriage would usher in an age of comparative peace between the colonists and the Powhatan mass . But the span ’s union would prove to be tragically dead - lived .
Pocahontas’ Mysterious Death In England
At some point , Pocahontas welcome a boy , Thomas Rolfe . English account province that Pocahontas gave birth after marrying John Rolfe , but tribal oral traditions say that she had her son before the wedding .
In 1616 , the Virginia Company of London — which had financed the brass of Jamestown — paid for John Rolfe , Pocahontas , and Thomas Rolfe to move around to England . The company believe that Pocahontas would serve as an example of the colony ’s succeeder in “ civilizing ” an autochthonic individual , exhibit her off as a “ tamed wildcat ” and a Powhatan “ princess ” ( despite the fact that she was n’t in reality look at a princess in Powhatan culture ) . deplorably , Pocahontas would never come back home .
At first , the tripper seemed to go well . John Rolfe and Pocahontas ( then known as “ Lady Rebecca Rolfe ” ) drop months touring the state . Pocahontas was represent at the court of King James I , and she give ear a masquerade where she and Rolfe sat near the power and his wife , Queen Anne .
Public DomainA 1616 engraving of Pocahontas , who travel through England as “ Lady Rebecca Rolfe . ”
But as the young family prepared to come back to Virginia , tragedy strike . ahead of time on in their voyage back to Jamestown , Pocahontas suddenly fall ill in March 1617 and give way around the historic period of 21 . She was afterward bury in the townspeople of Gravesend , England , near St. George ’s Church . But what had killed her ?
To date , her lawsuit of dying is unnamed ( as is the exact location of her interment ) . Though some claim that Pocahontas died because of an upper respiratory ailment or an malady like smallpox or dysentery , others conceive that she was deliberately poison because of how speedily she fall ominous and died . Sadly , the the true about her last will probably never be known .
In any typesetter’s case , John Rolfe institute himself a widowman for the 2d time after Pocahontas ’ death . Concerned about his Word Thomas — who had also fall sick — John left the boy with a relative in England and give to Virginia alone . Though Thomas recover , he would never see his founding father again .
John Rolfe’s Final Years In The New World
Upon his return , John Rolfe dedicated himself to the growth of Virginia . He became a councilor and a member of the House of Burgesses , and keep on to cultivate tobacco plant . The exportation of Virginia tobacco plant to England swiftly ramp up . In 1617 , exports number 20,000 pounds . The next year , tobacco exports more than doubled .
Rolfe also espouse for the third time , this meter to a woman named Jane Pierce ( sometimes spelled Pearce ) , the daughter of Captain William Pierce .
But even though Rolfe ’s personal and professional life appeared to be thriving , the mood in the New World was darkening . The peace found between endemic the great unwashed and colonists by John Rolfe and Pocahontas ’ matrimony had started to break down , specially after the death of Pocahontas ’ father in 1618 . And many tribe took government issue with the settler ’ unceasing demand for land , which they postulate to grow Rolfe ’s tobacco plant .
In 1622 , the Algonquian people — led by Chief Powhatan ’s successor , Opechankeno — launched a devastating assault on the colonists . They killed between 350 and 400 people , or 25 percent of the settler universe .
Public DomainThe so - call Indian Massacre of 1622 killed a full fourth part of the colonist .
John Rolfe died that same year , around age 37 , but it ’s unknown if he was killed during the massacre or if he drop dead from other campaign .
This massacre , and other elements of Rolfe and Pocahontas ’ human relationship , explains why Mike Gabriel , the director of the 1995 Disney filmPocahontasleft Rolfe out of his taradiddle entirely . Gabriel said , “ The story of Pocahontas and Rolfe was too complicated and tearing for a youthful audience . ”
However , John Rolfe did make an appearing in the plastic film ’s lineal - to - video sequelPocahontas II , which was released in 1998 . In that moving-picture show , Pocahontas travels with John Rolfe to England — but in an effort to forestall war between the Powhatan people and the English . During their harrowing journey , the duad finally fall in love and share a amatory buss on their way back to Jamestown together . It ’s far more rosy than Pocahontas ’ real chronicle .
Pocahontas did n’t last much of a Disney life at all . She was kidnap , held wrapped for about a year , possibly raped , and then potentially campaign into marry a settler more concerned in tobacco flora than her . She may have been coerced into going to England , where she was paraded before rummy crowds and mayhap murdered before she could refund home .
But the full accuracy of her story is difficult to sleep with . Pocahontas leave no written record of her own . besides , John Rolfe ’s true motivations in marrying Pocahontas have been lose to sentence . Did he get married for love — or out of an acuate business sense and “ for the good of this plantation ” ?
Only John Rolfe and Pocahontas have a go at it for certain .
After this looking at at John Rolfe , the husband of Pocahontas , discover the horror of theNative American genocide . Then , see some of the most stunningEdward Curtis pic of Native Americans .
